Stopping an invasion

Dying in 2014, he fell two years short of his hundredth birthday. Right until the end his mind was as sharp as ever, reflective, analytical, principled. A regular soldier, he had joined the British army in 1937 and had served until the 1950s, fighting in North Africa and in the campaigns northward through Italy. His recollections of the Second World War were carefully considered and articulated in the manner of an historian.

Sitting drinking tea in his elegant farmhouse one afternoon, I asked him, “was there any point where you thought Britain might lose the war?”

“No,” he replied firmly. “We did think it might take a long time to win, but once Hitler invaded Russia, we knew there was no prospect of ever losing.”

The opinion confirmed what had been taught in the A-Level history lessons at sixth form college where the tutor explained that once Hitler had lost the Battle of Britain, once he had lost the campaign for the control of the air, there was no prospect of there ever being an invasion. “The Royal Navy would simply have blasted an invasion fleet out of the water,” he stated with the certainty of a man who had lived through the times.

Only after the war did the weakness of Hitler’s invasion plans emerge. One of the places designated for invasion forces to land was Lyme Regis. Anyone who has visited that most pleasant of all seaside towns will know how steep is the climb up from the harbour at the Cobb to the countryside beyond. The first panzers to land would have failed to climb the steep road and the entire force would have trapped and easily picked off.

Growing up believing that an invasion was an impossibility, it was a surprise only yesterday to discover the extent to which Britain had prepared for such an eventuality. Somerset Live carried a feature on Somerset’s seven wartime airfields.

The feature refers to the “Taunton stop line,” a term I had never heard before, despite growing up on tales of the Second World War.  A search for the stop line revealed that it had stretched from Axminster to Highbridge and that it was one of more than fifty similar defensive lines that had stretched across the country.

An entire element of wartime history seems to have been omitted from our education. Of course, we would have known of pill boxes and fortifications, but there was always an assumption that these were about protecting railways and bridges and important installations against parachutists, there was never a thought that such structures dotted around the country formed a coherent whole. Perhaps we should not have been so sanguine about there being no invasion.

 

 

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A strange boy

His name came up in a telephone call with an old school friend. Trying to recall those from Somerset who had attended the small school in Devon to which we had been sent, I remembered the boy had come from the village of Curry Rivel. It was a surprise to learn that he had been sent to prison for wasting police time, then, on reflection, it was not such a surprise.

Curry Rivel was only five miles or so from our village, so it meant that were people in his community whom I knew. He would be rude about people in the village whom I held in high regard, without ever being able to offer any reason for his opinions, and he seemed to live an isolated life.

At school, it quickly became apparent that he was someone to avoid. He would always have something bad to say about someone and would eavesdrop conversations and carry stories to the staff many of whom were fundamentalist Christians who were already inclined to think the worst of the boys in their care.

Once, I remember my father gave him a lift from Taunton station. We were returning home at the end of term, or perhaps had both chosen the same time for a weekend at home. It was not an experience that was repeated, as the terms passed we stood at a silent distance from each other. We did not speak at school and even when standing on the platform waiting to catch the train, we left each other unacknowledged.

In retrospect, I had always believed my treatment of a strange boy to have been harsh. Perhaps his malicious opinions and his tale-telling had arisen from a deep unhappiness, perhaps there was a different person inside.

Encountering his name online some fifteen or twenty years ago, I became suspicious that he might not have been completely truthful in describing his profession as “company chairman,” but the online world is full of exaggeration, so I had given it no further thought.

It was my old friend’s suggestion that I Google the name of the boy I had disliked that brought stories I could not have imagined of him.

On one occasion he was going to buy 9,000 houses from Somerset County Council for £95 million, on another he was going to invest £100 million in the Scottish town of Kilmarnock. In 1995, he was convicted for a bomb hoax, in 1998, he was convicted for claiming milk products were contaminated, in 2006 he wasted many hours of police time by presenting himself as a witness in the Ipswich murders. The judge passing sentence in 2007 told the man who had been the strange boy, “you are forlorn. You are pathetic . . . It seems to me that it is necessary to pass a deterrent sentence so people of your ilk do not come forward and do not waste a good deal of police time. An immediate sentence of imprisonment is unavoidable.”

The custodial sentence does not seem to have persuaded the man to abandon his fantasies. A few seconds online revealed that fourteen years on from his conviction, the strange boy is unchanged. “As Cheif (sic) Executive of Braeside35 we don’t propose to know everything about property development . . .”

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That’s not my name

I knew an undertaker in Northern Ireland who knew his market well.  To his Protestant clients, he was Rourke, to Catholics he was O’Rourke.  If one looked in the telephone directory, he appeared under both names. A friend passing through a Catholic village one morning, stopped her car to allow a funeral cortege to pass.  The undertaker walked ahead of the hearse, dressed immaculately in top hat, claw hammer coat and sponge bag trousers. Spying the friend, he tipped his hat and said, “O’Rourke today”.

A flexibility of names is common in Ireland.  Sean may be John according to his context and O’s may be dropped or retained for convenience.  Pat O’Connor, a onetime neighbour, said there were simply too many O’Connors in the parish and enough Pat O’Connors to cause confusion, so he he styled himself Pat Connor.

Sometimes the Gaelicisation of names appeared calculated to confuse outsiders.  An  accountant I knew who was a fluent Irish speaker, would become infuriated at public servants who lived every day under one name, but used complex Gaelic forms when acting in an official capacity.

There has sometimes been a temptation to adopt the Irish custom and to adapt my surname according to my inclination.

“Poulton” is a toponymic, a placename, probably derived from a town in Lancashire, although there are other possibilities, including a village in Gloucestershire.

Attending a gathering in Dublin on one occasion, a man asked my name. “Poulton,” I said, “north of Blackpool; Lancastrian.”

“We’re neighbours.” he said, “I’m Fleetwood.”

Counting up, I thought, “I know a Preston and I met an Oldham, and there are a few Boltons and Blackburns around.  It would not take long to cover much of the county.”

A toponymic was not part of your name; it was simply a statement of where you were from, so as to distinguish you from others with similar Christian names.

In a report on legal proceedings on 17th December 1326 at Lichfield Cathedral, concerning a dispute on the tithes of a parish, “of” appears frequently.  It being Norman times, “of” was still ‘de’.

Lichfield Cathedral, continued from 16 Dec.
1. Prior and Convent of St. Thomas the Martyr of Order of St. Augustine, by their Proctor, Brother Henry de Wasteneys, canon.
2. (a) Robert de Marchumleye, Master of Hospital of Wych Malbanc, by his Proctor Nicholas Pollard, clerk; and
(b) William de Prayers, priest, Richard de Dodingcton […] , Richard de Prayers and Ralph le Taylour, laymen of diocese of Coventry and Lichfield by their Proctor John de Poulton.
Process heard before Philip de Turvill in dispute concerning tithes of place called Oxebruggehay in parish of ALDELYME [Audlem, co. Chester] claimed by Prior and Convent, following receipt (recited) of Pope John XXII dated 29 June 1325. Referring also to the churches of STOWE BY CHARTLEY, CAVERSWALL and MAER which the Prior and Convent also hold to their own uses.
Witnesses to the proceedings William de Norton, John Blaby chaplains, Robert de Egynton, William called Fust, clerk of Lichfield and others.
Notary’s Mark of Adam called Le Wodeward, clerk, of Coventry and Lichfield diocese, Apostolic Notary.

John de Poulton, my namesake; eight hundred years later, would he simply be “Poulton”? Would the point of geographical reference be lost?  Probably.

The “de” prefix seems now confined to those who claim descent from prominent Norman families. But if I adopted the habit found in Ireland, what is there to prevent its restoration? There seems a certain cachet in a prefixed names. Like the undertaker passing his friend, I could nod and say, “de Poulton today!”

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Imagining travel

The spring equinox brings thoughts of the summer, but the prospect of a holiday this year seems to be rapidly receding. Even if the government allows the holiday season to proceed, the restrictions on foreign travel mean that prices of holidays in England will escalate beyond ordinary pockets.

Holidays fifty years ago were magical times. The memories are still vivid.

We had an old Austin Cambridge, (I knew it was old, there was no letter at the end of the registration number and this was England in the 1970s) it was slow and steady and very spacious. The back doors had windows that wound down and triangular shaped quarter-lights in the curve of the back door that let in air without causing discomfort to everyone else.

The quarter-light was my plan to stay awake.  We slipped away from home at just after midnight; the three children sat in the back with pillows and told to go to sleep.  We rolled through the deserted streets of the little town nearby to our village and I unclipped the quarter-light and gently pushed it open.  I had figured that I could lean against the door with my pillow, appearing to be asleep, while my elbow was pushed out through the quarter-light into the cold night air; the chill would ensure that I did not fall asleep. We were heading deep into Cornwall in August 1973, it was five years since I had been in the county, and I was going to savour every moment of this holiday, including the night journey westwards.

Of course, at twelve years of age, staying awake through the early hours of the morning doesn’t come easily, especially in the back of a big car.  Inevitably, I fell asleep and woke with a numb elbow, somewhere in Devon, before dozing off again to wake again in broad daylight.  What mattered was making the most of every moment of that holiday, one which I still remember in great detail.

There are moments when there seems to be a heightened awareness of things, moments when the layer of time between things long past and the present reality seems very thin.  There are moments when you almost expect to see people as they were in the scenes that replay in the mind. There was a sense of heightened reality in that night drive through the West Country.

Perhaps in the present disjointed, fragmented, incoherent world, even a journey in hope would be welcome.

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What is it about steam trains?

On this day in 1960, the naming ceremony took place for the very last steam locomotive built by British Rail. The 999th locomotive of the British Railways Standard range, the Evening Star was the only locomotive built with the object of preservation in mind.

Britain had continued to build steam locomotives after the Second World War when electrification would have been a better long-term investment. In post-war Britain, a thousand pits employing a million miners,  and traditional steel works producing the materials for locomotive production, meant that successive governments were loath to quickly adopt changes that would have been to the ultimate benefit of the railways.

Perhaps it was more than economic factors that shaped the decision, perhaps steam locomotives had a place deep in the British psyche. No-one would have anticipated that the Evening Star would be one among more than two hundred that would be preserved. When steam engines were withdrawn from service, some 297 were sent to the Woodham Brothers scrapyard at Barry in South Wales, an extraordinary 213 of those were saved for preservation. It is a number worthy of a tale told by the Rev. W. Awdry.

On the day of the naming of the Evening Star, R.F. Hanks, chair of the Western Area Board of the British Transport Commission made a speech which seemed to anticipate the endurance of British love for the steam train:

But it is also a very great day for Swindon, and, to my friends from other Regions and from the B.T.C., I trust I shall not be considered parochial when I say that it is a proud day for Great Western men everywhere who will find much satisfaction, since there had to be a “last one” that it should fall to the lot of Swindon to see the job through. [..] I am sure it has been truly said that no other product of man’s mind has ever exercised such a compelling hold upon the public’s imagination as the steam locomotive. No other machine, in its day, has been a more faithful friend to mankind and has contributed more to the cause of industrial prosperity in this, the land of its birth, and throughout the world.

Hanks was right about the hold of the hold upon the imagination. Three of my earliest memories are of steam trains: standing with my mother on the platform of Langport West station when not yet four years of age: watching the level crossing gates of the station at Martock swing open to allow the passage of a train; being at Weymouth while very young and seeing a train travel the line through the streets on its way to the docks.

The hold is undeniable, its reason unclear.

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