Churning

Milk churns seem now to be collectors’ pieces, purchased at premises specialising in reclamation and vintage items. Unused churns that once might have lain rusting in the corner of a yard are now put to new uses.

On my grandfather’s farm, milk churns were a measure of income. In summertime, when all the cows were in milk, there would have been ten put out each morning for collection by the lorry from the Milk Marketing Board.

Each evening the herd would be brought back to the farm, each cow having its own place in the stalls. An electric milking machine in the dairy provided suction to the milking buckets. Filled buckets were emptied into the churns, a full-sized full churn held ten gallons. At breakfast time each day, my grandmother would fill in brown card labels identifying the milk’s farm of origin. There was a short spike, perhaps half an inch long, on the neck of each churn to which the labels would be fixed. There must have been occasions when labels became detached, when the provenance of a churn was unclear, perhaps the Milk Marketing Board worked on the basis of the average number of gallons received from each herd and were untroubled by the odd gap in the records.

The weight of each churn must have been significant, 10 gallons of milk plus the weight of the churn itself. The full churns would have been lifted onto a hand-pulled trolley and taken out to a concrete platform at the roadside. To be the driver collecting the churns each morning demanded strength and agility, manhandling full churns onto the flat-bed lorry and replacing them with empty ones for the next day’s supply. From the local milk factory, milk was collected by train and transported to London on a stopping train that rolled slowly through the night.

However mundane they might have seemed, milk churns held a significance for those at whose farm gates they stood, they represented the monthly milk cheque, the regular income of the farm, the money to pay the bills, the money to pay the household expenses. Perhaps the milk churns were a sign of credit worthiness, businesses knew the farm had a cash flow.

Had I ever been able to afford one of the fine stone houses that were once the dwelling houses for local farms, I think I should not have been content to have one or two decorative churns at the gate, ten or more would be more cheering – a visual reminder of a farming world that has now disappeared, and a sign that one had a few pounds in the bank.

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Moved by television

Every Saturday, the Daily Mail must be bought for my mother. The newspaper itself is incidental to the weekly television guide included in the magazine. The programmes for the week are planned carefully, mostly the BBC 1, 2 and 4, with an occasional excursion into ITV and satellite channels.

The single most important element of her viewing has always been the local news, access to which has sometimes been erratic.

There was one evening when the ITN news ended and we waited for the West Country news. It seemed odd, the stories did not relate to anywhere we knew. Then came the weather forecast, would there be rain in Somerset in the morning? We were never to find out, instead the following day’s meteorological predictions for Birmingham were shared by a woman whose accent was definitely not Bristolian. Afterwards, a caption appeared on the screen, “ITV Central.”

“Oh dear,” said my sister, “the storm must have been stronger than we thought, we seem to have been blown North.” The idea of being blown three counties northward  by a strong gale conjured visions of it landing on the Midland equivalent of the Wicked Witch of the West. All it would need would a young Dorothy to step out of the town into a Birmingham Land of Oz.

Rather than the sudden displacement of an entire community, the explanation seemed more likely to be that the digital television set had switched from its default signal to one from a neighbouring region.

Once, when visiting my parents  on holiday, I had switched the preferred BBC satellite channel from that for the West to that for Yorkshire and Lincolnshire. My mother had come in to watch the evening news and had followed the stories for some minutes before declaring, “There is something wrong with this television, this isn’t our news.”

More recently, the Freeview box decided High Ham had moved south-west and carried stories of Devon and Cornwall instead of Bristol and Somerset. Only a search through the various control options had revealed that it was possible to change the default channels; Bristol was recovered and all was right with the world.

Digital broadcasting can bring an abundance of choice, but also a dislocation. Gone are the times when one’s choice was entirely determined by geography. Terrestrial digital television has some geographical reference, but satellite digital broadcasts allows the potential to listen to anything from anywhere. And if the television does not provide adequate choice, then online broadcasting adds innumerably more opportunities.

The extension of choice brings with it the loss of a community dimension. Like the local newspaper, the local television news brought one the news of one’s own place, it created a sense of shared stories, a sense of identification with a place, a sense of being part of somewhere. Digital dislocation breaks the ties of former times, it is as if one had been suddenly gathered up in the wind and set down in a distant city.

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Do you remember your books?

Steve Lamacq asked listeners to his BBC Radio Six programme what books they studied in schooldays. The answers he received were familiar, the texts may still feature on some GCSE syllabuses. Among the responses were George Orwell’s Animal Farm and 1984, Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mocking Bird, William Golding’s Lord of the Flies. 

One listener said they had watched the film Kes: I couldn’t have imagined that our teachers would have allowed the film version of a novel would have counted as study.

My A level texts at Strode College are still easily recalled.

William Shakespeare occupied a large amount of the teaching time. In the first year we read Hamlet and in the second King Lear (and Macbeth was read to give extra insights, although it wasn’t examined). Why only tragedies? There was an overwhelming impression that Jacobean audiences liked unhappy endings, and that blood, lots and lots of blood, was a necessary part of the evening’s entertainment. The nadir of my experience of Jacobean tragedy came on a trip to Stratford-on-Avon to see a Royal Shakespeare Company production of John Ford’s ‘Tis Pity She’s a Whore, at the point where the lead character comes on stage bloodied and carrying what is meant to be a human heart (presumably it was offal from the local butcher), I fainted and had to be taken outside for fresh air.

The other drama included Tom Stoppard’s Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead, the wisdom of which often returned to me in succeeding years, and Sean O’Casey’s Three Plays. O’Casey loses a lot of its power outside of Ireland, but during my days in Dublin his writing was as much social history as literature. A working class Protestant republican socialist, O’Casey stood opposed to all that the country became.

Poetry was less compelling than drama, the set texts were The Prologue to Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales, Gerard Manley Hopkins’, The Wreck of the Deutschland, and William Blake’s Songs of Innocence and Experience, none of which has been revisited in the years since. The best part of studying William Blake was that it gave grounds for a trip to London to see an exhibition of his paintings, images from which still remain

It was the novel that caused me most problems.  I thought that nothing in the world could match Jane Austen’s Emma for boredom. I had no interest whatsoever in Regency manners, even if Austen was poking fun at the snobbery of her time, and I dreaded the lessons when we sat reading it.

The responses to Steve Lamacq suggests that the English literature syllabus made a deep impression upon listeners, possibly not always a favourable one.

 

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Adaptation

Beneath the crest on the front of my sweatshirt, the motto read, “rerum cognoscere causas.”

“What does that mean asked someone in the Glastonbury pub?”

“To know the causes of things,” I said.

“What does that mean?” they replied.

There didn’t seem much point in continuing the conversation. Feeling an outsider at the London School of Economics, I now found I felt myself an outsider in my own community.

Knowing the causes of things had been a theme throughout my childhood.

My father worked as a radio and radar technician on naval jets and seemed regularly to have to attend training courses. It didn’t occur to me that the constant change in technology that required my father’s attention was something that should have been reassuring, it meant the military were constantly making progress.

Being inquiring meant being discontent with those who unquestioningly accepted dogma of any sort. A confrontation of a spirit of inquiry and dogmatic assumptions would come when a man from a nearby village came to see my hairdresser mother for a haircut. The man belonged to an evangelical chapel that sat below the hill on which our village was situated. He was a fundamentalist Christian who rejected science and espoused creationism. Worst of all, he would insist upon challenging my father with his views.

Neither side ever made any ground, but I came to understand that science was something that progressed, that it developed by constant testing and questioning of theories and a preparedness to set aside arguments that were no longer tenable.

In the decades that followed those conversations, my father continued to adapt. We bought him an iPad for his eightieth birthday. Waking at 6.30 each morning, the first thing he did was to open the BBC app to read the day’s news. After lunch, he would sit at his computer desk, open YouTube on the browser, and watch black and white war films and Westerns.

Science, technology, a search for the causes of all things were assumptions. He could not understand those who believed things that were not proven.

Watching the news this evening, he would have been unsurprised by the stories of the virus having mutated. Natural selection would dictate such a process. The strain of virus that will emerge at each stage is the strain that has survived, it is the strain that has been able to continue despite government efforts to prevent the process of transmission. Of course, each strain that emerges will be stronger than its predecessors, had it not been so, it would not have emerged.

Were there a possibility of recreating those conversations between my father and the creationist having his haircut, the adaptation of the virus would have been a good illustration of natural selection, a process without consciousness or design.

 

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Short-sightedness

Did people in the Nineteenth Century have better eyesight? The print in some books is so extraordinarily small that it is a wonder that it could have been read by the lamplight or candles which lit the average house. Anyone who has seen a copy of a Prayer Book from Victorian times can only wonder at how the faithful gathered in dimly-lit churches followed the service.

Oddly, it was reading Mojo magazine that brought memories of antiquarian books. It must be the only publication that uses what appears to be 6 font in some of the boxes inset into features.

Not wanting to miss details, I held the magazine at various angles. If held it in front of my face, at a particular distance, in a good light, I could read the list of records that accompanied a feature on a band.

Wearing varifocals since the summer, I have had to learn that being able to see something depends on how I look at it. The optician persuaded me that if I paid for the most expensive lenses, there would be no motion sickness that might be experienced. He was right, but his being correct came at a price considerably greater than anticipated.

Being prepared to concede to the need of wearing glasses at all was only something that came in adult life, vanity forbade an admission of myopia.

It was during schooldays in Devon that I was subjected to an eye test by an optician from Newton Abbot. It seems odd in retrospect that our school should have regarded itself as responsible for testing. Of course, there was no choice as to the style of glasses we might have: the standard NHS style was all that was on offer. There was choice about colour, brown or black. I hated the glasses and would only wear them in the darkened common room to watch Match of the Day on a Saturday night.

At Sixth Form college, I got a pair of my choosing. They might have had more style, but lacked much quality. The lenses regularly fell out and the screws at the sides had to be secured in place using nail varnish. Through university days I persisted with squinting, not until graduation did I finally admit that I needed to wear glasses all the time.

Glasses have now become an enhancement rather than a disadvantage. I broke my last frames when falling ski-ing in 2017 and decided when getting the varifocals to keep the designer frames I bought at an optician in Bad Hofgastein, mostly because the new lenses cost so much that there was no budget for new frames. Looking in the mirror now, the glasses make me look younger (fifty-nine rather than sixty).

 

 

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